Who is Cato and why is he in Moby Dick?

“With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship” (Melville 1). 

            Who the hell is Cato and why did he throw himself upon his own sword? According to every high school / college students’ favorite resource (Wikipedia), Cato the Younger (not to be confused with Cato the Elder) lived between 95-46 BC and vehemently opposed Julius Caesar. Benét’s Reader’s Encyclopedia and Plutarch (a famed ancient historian) support this information.

            According to Plutarch, Cato did kill himself by running himself on his own sword (it’s a bit more complicated and a bit more gruesome than that, actually). “Cato committed suicide rather than acknowledge Caesar,” (Benét’s Reader’s Encyclopedia 185).

            Here’s Plutarch’s passage on Cato’s death according to the University of Chicago Website:

Cato drew his sword from its sheath and stabbed himself below the breast. His thrust, however, was somewhat feeble, owing to the inflammation in his hand, and so he did not at once dispatch himself, but in his death struggle fell from the couch and made a loud noise by overturning a geometrical abacus that stood near. His servants heard the noise and cried out, and his son at once ran in, together with his friends. They saw that he was smeared with blood, and that most of his bowels were protruding, but that he still had his eyes open and was alive; and they were terribly shocked. But the physician went to him and tried to replace his bowels, which remained uninjured, and to sew up the wound. Accordingly, when Cato recovered and became aware of this, he pushed the physician away, tore his bowels with his hands, rent the wound still more, and so died (Plutarch 407).

Thanks University of Chicago!

            There was a lot more to Cato the younger than just him running himself (stabbing himself) on his own sword. He was an upstanding citizen, politician, and a skilled orator, among other things. He wouldn’t accept bribery during a time when bribery was commonplace. All around good guy who came to a bad end.

            In the context of Melville: Ishmael, rather than committing suicide (as this passage suggests, though I personally think Ishmael is hyperbolizing) “quietly take[s] to the ship.” This is a nice sentence. “Quietly” sets up a nice contrast to the death of Cato the younger, which was loud, violent, and visceral (literally). Taking to the sea is how Ishmael combats the blues.

            It should be noted that by making this reference and mentioning death so early in the novel Melville is setting up the morbidity of his novel. Let’s face it, Ishmael (and probably Melville too) is comparing going to sea to the relief suicide brings to unbearable pain and suffering. This equivocates the ocean to an afterlife, an expression of relief, and a metaphoric paradise away from earth. The sea becomes unearthly.

            If you want to write a solid essay you should strongly consider this reference. This linguistic / rhetorical flourish happens early on, you can therefore apply it to the rest of the novel without having to go back and reread too much.

            Again, I am not a definitive resource of information and I have only scratched the surface of this analysis. You should look elsewhere for further information and verification. Think for yourself!

Here’s the link to the University of Chicago website:

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html 

PS: Unable to bear the survival and kingship of his greatest adversary (Caesar), Cato tries to kill himself. However, an injury prevents him from achieving this end. So, he rends his guts until he is dead. Sound like anyone?? 

Use of "hypos" in Moby Dick

Hypos: (contemporary usage) The chemical sodium thiosulphate (formerly called hyposulphate) used as a photographic fixer.

           

            Etymology: From the Greek hypo meaning “under.” For example: hypodermic meaning “under the skin” or hypothalamus meaning under the thalamus. Interestingly, hypocrisy (from hypokrinesthai) literally means “under” (hypo) “to sift or decide” (krinein – crisy) and has associations with the stage. An actor would be a hypocrite because he or she is acting a part – saying one thing without necessarily meaning it, playing “under the table.”

            Anyways, the word “hypos,” as Melville uses it, is making use of a subtler, psychological definition of the word – Ishmael is, after all, describing his state of mind. He (Ishmael) is talking about “the November in [his] soul,” he finds himself “pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral” he meets. These sentiments suggest that (a) he thinks he is dying or (b) he is time and time again, through no intention of his own, associating with negative, melancholy circumstances

            One fellow suggested in a forum that Ishmael’s “hypos” be replaced with hypochondria. This makes sense, the new a sentence beginning “whenever my hypo[chondria] get[s] such an upper hand of me[…]” However, does this definition hold throughout the entire sentence? How about I write out the whole sentence.

            “[…] whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me, that it requires strong moral principal to prevent me from deliberately stepping out and methodically knocking people’s hats off […]”

            Apologies, this is a long sentence and I don’t want to type the whole thing out. The point is this: “hypochondria” as an insert for “hypos” works in the first half of the sentence as well as in the second half. Hypos is making him want to “[step] out and methodically [knock] people’s hats off.”

            According to the wondrous Online Etymological Dictionary (a shockingly reputable source), hypochondria did not always mean what it means today. Us 21^st century folks use it to mean a false sense of illness – hypochondriacs are those friends who always think they are coming down with some devastating sickness but never actually do and react uproariously to the slightest sniffle or sneeze. However, it meant “depression or melancholy without real cause” back in the 1800s, when good old Melville was writing. Thus, “hypos” might very well mean hypochondria.

            Then again, it might actually mean “under.” As in, “under the weather.” This might make more sense than the elaborate explanation above. Ishmael’s already referenced a “November” in his soul – cold dreary weather.

            I don’t want to read to much into this other possibility, I believe it is self explanatory. Needless to say, have your dictionaries / thesauruses / and online etymological resources at hand when you’re reading anything as language-dense and archaic as Herman Melville.